Protection device with lockout test

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to a protective device that includes a detection circuit, a fault detection circuit, and a circuit interrupter assembly contacts configured to be driven into a tripped state in response to the trip actuation and driven into a reset state in response to a reset actuation. A reset mechanism is configured to provide the reset actuation in response to a user reset input. A test assembly includes a test circuit configured to generate a simulated electrical perturbation exceeding the predetermined level in response to a user test input and a test timing mechanism configured to drive the circuit interrupter into the tripped state and disable the reset mechanism if any one of the detection circuit, fault detection circuit, actuation assembly, or circuit interrupter assembly fail before a predetermined time elapses such that the device is permanently inoperable.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,345 filed on May 5, 2006 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/729,392 filed on Dec. 5, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,068,481, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/263,028 filed on Oct. 2, 2002, now abandoned, the content of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 is hereby claimed. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/263,028 claims priority to Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/326,531, filed on Oct. 2, 2001.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to the field of devices for protecting electrical circuits in the event of faults, and more particularly to a device that protects from arc faults and ground faults.

2. Technical Background

The electrical distribution system is defined to include the circuit breaker, branch circuit conductors, wiring devices, cord sets or extension cords, and electrical conductors within an appliance. A protective device is incorporated in an electrical distribution system for protecting a portion of the system from electrical faults. Ground fault circuit interrupters, also called GFCIs, are one type of protective device that has become quite widely used. They provide a very useful function of disconnecting an electrical power source from the protected portion of the system when a ground fault is detected. Among the more common types of ground faults sensed by known GFCIs are those caused when a person accidentally makes contact with a hot electrical lead and ground. In the absence of a GFCI, life threatening amounts of current could flow through the body of the person.

Arc fault circuit interrupters, also called AFCIs, are another type of protective device but that has been in use more recently. AFCIs disconnect an electrical power source from a load when an arc fault is detected. Among the more common type of arc faults sensed by known AFCIs are those caused by damaged insulation such as from an overdriven staple. This type of arc fault occurs across two conductors in the electrical distribution system such as between the line and neutral conductors or line and ground conductors. The current through this type of fault is not limited by the impedance of the appliance, otherwise known as a load coupled to the electrical distribution system, but rather by the available current from the source voltage established by the impedance of the conductors and terminals between the source of line voltage and the position of the fault, thus effectively across the line, and has been known as a “parallel arc fault.” Another type of arc fault sensed by known AFCIs are those caused by a break in the line or neutral conductors of the electrical distribution system, or at a loose terminal at a wiring device within the system. The current through this type of fault is limited by the impedance of the load. Since the fault is in series with the load, this type of fault has also been known as a “series arc fault.” In the absence of an AFCI, the sputtering currents associated with an arc fault, whether of the parallel, series or some other type, could heat nearby combustibles and result in fire.

Protective devices are typically provided with line terminals for coupling to the supply voltage of the electrical distribution system, and load terminals coupled to the protected portion of the system and a circuit interrupter for disconnection of the load terminals from the line terminals. The protective device is provided with a sensor for sensing the fault, a detector for establishing if the sensed signal represents a true hazardous fault, as opposed to electrical noise, and a switch responsive to the detector sensor, wherein the circuit interrupter comprising the contacts of a relay or trip mechanism are operated by a solenoid responsive to the switch to disconnect the load terminals from the line terminals. The disconnection is also known as tripping. A power supply may be required to furnish power to the sensor, detector, switch or solenoid.

In one approach that has been considered, a protective device is equipped with a test button which the owner of the protective device is instructed to operate periodically to determine the operating condition of the sensor, the detector, the switch, trip mechanism or relay, or power supply. Any of these components may fail and cause the circuit interrupter to fail to remove power from the load side of the protective device to interrupt the fault. Since the protective device comprises electronic and mechanical components, failure may occur because of normal aging of the electronic components, corrosion of the mechanical parts, poor connections, mechanical wear, mechanical or overload abuse of the protective device in the field, electrical disturbances (e.g., lightning), or for other reasons. Once the test has been manually initiated by operating the test button, the outcome of the test may be indicated mechanically by a button, or visually through a lamp display or pivoting flag that comes into view, or audibly through an annunciator.

In another approach that has been considered, a self-test feature can be added to the protective device for automatic testing as an alternative to a manual test. Once the test has been automatically initiated through the self-test feature, the outcome of the test can be indicated by any of the previously described methods or by the permanent disconnection of the load terminals from the line terminals of the protective device, also known as “lock-out.”

Another approach that has been considered is depicted in FIG. 1. GFCI 2 includes line terminals 3 and 5 for coupling to a power source of the electrical distribution system and load terminals 37 and 39 appropriate to the installed location, whether a circuit breaker, receptacle, plug, module, or the like. A ground fault represented by resistor 41 produces an additional current in conductor 4 that is not present in conductor 6. Sensor 12 senses the difference current between conductors 4 and 6 which is then detected by a ground fault detector 14. Detector 14 issues a trip command to an SCR 22 which in turn activates a solenoid 24, which activates a trip mechanism 26 releasing contact armatures 34 and 32, thereby disconnecting power to the load by breaking the circuit from a line hot 4 to a load hot 36 and from a line neutral 6 to a load neutral 38. A contact 10 along with a resistor 8 form a test circuit which introduces a simulated ground fault. When contact 10 is depressed, the additional current on conductor 4 is sensed by sensor 12 as a difference current causing the device to trip. Current flows through resistor 8 for the interval between depression of the contact 10 and the release of contact armatures 34 and 32, which is nominally 25 milliseconds. The device is reset by pressing a reset button 40 which mechanically resets trip mechanism 26. A resistor 20, a Zener 18, and a capacitor 19 form a power supply for GFCI 2.

Referring to FIG. 2, the mechanical layout for the circuit diagram of FIG. 1 is shown in which like elements are like numbered. Trip mechanism 26 is shown in the set state, meaning that contacts 37 and 35 are closed. Contacts 35 and 37 are held closed by action of a trapped make-force spring 46 acting on an escapement 55 on a rest stem 54 to lift a reset latch spring 52 and by interference, an armature 32. Reset latch spring 52 includes a hole 53 and armature 32 includes a hole 33, which holes 33 and 53 permit entry of a tip 58 of reset stem 54. Reset stem 54 is held in place by a block 60. Armature 32 and a printed circuit board (PCB) 56 are mechanically referenced to a housing 48 so that the force in spring 46 is concentrated into armature 32.

Referring to FIG. 3, the mechanism of FIG. 2 is shown in the tripped state. The tripped state occurs when SCR 22 activates a magnetic field in solenoid 24, which in turn pulls in plunger 23 to displace reset latch spring 52. Displacing reset latch spring 52 allows a flat portion 55 to clear the latch spring 53 interference, which then releases the interference between latch spring 52 and armature 32. Armature 32 has a memory which returns armature 32 to a resting position against solenoid 24, opening contacts 35 and 37 and disconnecting power to the load.

Protective devices have been located in an electrical distribution system in a variety of conventional device housings such as but not limited to circuit breakers typically installed inside a panel at the service entrance having an interrupting contact that disconnects the load in response to sustained overcurrent, receptacle outlets or snap switches typically installed inside a wall box, portable housings typically installed in plugs or connectors or as protective modules within appliances. Constructional requirements for the different device housings differ. Some differences arise from the pertinent UL (Underwriters Laboratories) safety standards, for example, UL standard 943 for GFCIs and UL standard 1699 for AFCIs. Unlike circuit breaker and receptacle devices, portable devices are susceptible to a poor connection between the receptacle and neutral plug blade. Therefore, only portable devices must continue to afford provide protection or interrupt load side power due to neutral supply conductor failure. This requirement for the portable protective device has often been accomplished using a relay with normally open contacts serving as the circuit interrupter. Other differences arise from the nature of the housing itself, wherein protective devices that are housed in a circuit breaker and that require a power supply most conveniently derive power for the supply power from the load side of the circuit interrupter.

Some of the protective devices discussed above employ complicated circuitry that is both expensive and subject to failure. Some of the protective devices that have been considered by designers may include complicated mechanical linkages. Some of the devices under consideration may require a power supply for powering the protective circuitry, the power being derived from the line terminals of the protective device. Inconveniently, the protective device is housed in a circuit breaker enclosure and the circuit breaker derives power from the load side terminals of the protective device.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly stated, the present invention is directed to a protective device that addresses the needs described above. In particular, the present invention provides a test facility that drives the device both into a tripped state and into a reset lockout state in response to the detection of an end of life condition. The test facility determines that the device has failed by monitoring its response to a simulated fault condition.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to a protective device the includes a plurality of line terminals and a plurality of load terminals. A detection circuit is coupled to the plurality of line terminals. The detection circuit is configured to generate a sensor signal in response to an electrical perturbation propagating on the plurality of line terminals and/or the plurality of load terminals. A fault detection circuit is coupled to detection circuit. The fault detection circuit is configured to generate a fault detection signal when the electrical perturbation exceeds a predetermined level. An actuation assembly is coupled to the fault detection circuit. The actuation assembly is configured to generate a trip actuation in response to the fault detection signal. A circuit interrupter assembly is coupled to the fault detection circuit. The circuit interrupter assembly includes a set of movable contacts configured to be driven into a tripped state in response to the trip actuation and driven into a reset state in response to a reset actuation. A reset mechanism is coupled to the circuit interrupter assembly. The reset mechanism is configured to provide the reset actuation in response to a user reset input. A test assembly is coupled to the plurality of line terminals and the plurality of load terminals, the detection circuit, the actuation circuit and the reset mechanism. The test assembly includes a test circuit configured to generate a simulated electrical perturbation exceeding the predetermined level in response to a user test input. The test assembly also includes a test timing mechanism coupled to the reset mechanism. The test timing mechanism is configured to drive the circuit interrupter into the tripped state and disable the reset mechanism if any one of the detection circuit, fault detection circuit, actuation assembly, or circuit interrupter assembly fail before a predetermined time elapses such that the device is permanently inoperable.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the invention as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate various embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operation of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a circuit diagram for a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) according to the prior art;

FIG. 2 shows a partial sectional view of a prior mi mechanical implementation of the schematic of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows the mechanical implementation of FIG. 2 in the tripped state;

FIG. 4 shows a partial sectional view of a mechanical implementation of an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 shows a partial sectional view of the mechanical implementation of FIG. 4 is shown in the lock-out position;

FIG. 6 shows a three-dimensional view of some of the components of the embodiment of FIG. 4;

FIG. 7 shows a protective device according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 shows a protective device according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 shows a protective device according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 shows a protective device according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 shows a protective device according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 12 shows a protective device according to an embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 13 shows a protective device according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to the present exemplary embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. An exemplary embodiment of the GFCI of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 4-13 and is designated generally throughout by reference numeral 2.

As embodied herein and depicted in FIG. 4, a partial sectional view of a mechanical implementation of an embodiment of the invention is shown. A resistor 8′, shown schematically in FIG. 1 as resistor 8, is designed to withstand self-heating that results from each depression of contact 10, which causes current to flow through resistor 8′ for the expected trip time of the GFCI. For example, resistor 8′ for a 6 mA GFCI coupled to a 120 V AC supply is required by UL to be 15 K-Ohms, which dissipates nominally 0.96 Watts during each trip time interval. In particular, resistor 8′ must survive several thousand trip time intervals accomplished by depressing contact 10 and reset button 40 alternately. During normal operation of GFCI 2, resistor 8′ is physically positioned to restrain lockout spring 400. Resistor 8′ is preferably mounted and soldered so that the body of resistor 8′ impedes movement of lockout spring 400.

Referring to FIG. 5, a partial sectional view of the mechanical implementation of FIG. 4 is shown in the lock-out position. The GFCI 2 has failed in some manner such that the trip time in response to depressing contact 10 is greater than the expected interval including failure of GFCI 2 to trip altogether. Examples of failure modes include a defective sensor 12, and for a sensor 12 comprising a transformer, open or shorted turns. The detector 14, typically composed of electronic components, may have poor solder connections or components that have reached end of life. The SCR 22 may short circuit either due to reaching end of life or due to a voltage surge from a lightning storm, thereby causing continuous current through solenoid 24 which burns open through over activation, or, alternatively, SCR 22 may open circuit. The mechanical components associated with trip mechanism 26 may become immobilized from wear or corrosion. The power supply, if provided, may fail to deliver power in accordance with the design such that sensor 12, detector 14, SCR 22, or solenoid 24 are non-operative.

When failure of GFCI 2 occurs, the current through resistor 8′ flows for the time that contact 10 is manually depressed, on the order of at least seconds, which is two orders of magnitude longer than if the trip mechanism 26 were to operate in response to depressing contact 10. Resistor 8′, which is preferably coupled electrically to GFCI 2 through solder, heats from the current and melts the solder. Resistor 8′, no longer restrained by the solder, or in an alternative embodiment by an adhesive, is physically dislodged by the bias of lockout spring 400. Force is then applied by an end 404 of lock-out spring 400 against a feature on the reset latch spring 52, for example, a tab 402. The force in lockout spring 400 is greater than the force in reset latch spring 52. As previously described, reset latch spring 52 is displaced allowing a flat portion 55 to clear the latch spring 53 interference, which then releases the interference between reset latch spring 52 and armature 32. Armature 32 has a memory which returns armature 32 to a resting position against solenoid 24, opening contacts 35 and 37 and disconnecting power to the load. Thus when the GFCI 2 is operational, the tripping mechanism 26 is able to operate, and the armatures 32 and 34 disconnect when plunger 23 applies force to reset latch spring 52. If GFCI 2 is not operative, lockout spring 400 applies force to reset latch spring 52, likewise causing armatures 32 and 34 to disconnect. When GFCI 2 is tripped under the influence of lockout spring 400, armatures 32 and 34 are permanently disconnected irrespective of depressing contact 10 or reset button 40 or any further movement in plunger 23. Thus resistor 8′ is integral to the lock-out feature of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 6, components of the embodiment of FIG. 4 are shown in a three-dimensional view including lockout spring 400, end 404, resistor 8′, and latch spring 52. Spring 404 is preferably affixed to the same structure as resistor 8′.

Referring to FIG. 7, a protective device 710 shows a resistor 700 which is then used as the resistor body which constrains spring 400. There are other ground fault circuit interrupters whose trip thresholds are greater than 6 milliamperes intended for a variety of supply voltages or phase configurations, and intended for personnel protection or fire prevention. Alternate trip levels typically include 30 milliamperes in the U.S. or Europe, or 300 or 500 milliamperes in Europe, to which the invention as described applies. For devices where the current through resistor 8 may produce insufficient heat during the anticipated duration that contact 10 is manually depressed to melt the solder, resistor 8 can be supplemented by a resistor 700 in parallel with resistor 8 which connects to line 6 on the other side of sensor 12 from where resistor 8 connects to line 6. Currents through resistors 8 and 700 are enabled by depressing contact 10. Resistor 8 generates a simulated test signal comprising a difference current to test GFCI 2 as previously described. Resistor 700 is coupled so as to conduct common mode current but no difference current. Since the current through resistor 700 does not influence the amount of simulated test current required by UL, which is set by the value of resistor 8, the value of resistor 700 can be whatever value is convenient for producing sufficient heat in resistor 700 when contact 10 is manually depressed to release lockout spring 400 when GFCI 2 is not operational. FIG. 7 also shows how the lockout function is unaffected by whether the power supply for the GFCI comprising resistor 20, Zener 18, and capacitor 19 are coupled to the load side of armatures 32 and 34. Load side power derivation may be convenient for GFCIs or protective devices housed in a circuit breaker. FIG. 7 also shows how SCR 22 can be replaced by a transistor 22′, with either device comprising a switch for controlling solenoid 24.

Referring to FIG. 8, a protective device 810 which is an alternate embodiment to FIG. 7 shows a resistor 800 which serves the same function as resistor 700 in FIG. 7 but is coupled to the load side of the interrupting contacts, i.e., contact armatures 32, 34. This may be important for 6 milliamperes GFCI receptacles and portables where the hot and neutral supply conductors are inadvertently transposed by the installer, wherein the hot side of the supply voltage from the electrical distribution system is connected to line terminal 5. If the armatures 32 and 34 in FIG. 7 are disconnected in response to a fault current, a hazardous current may yet flow through resistors 8 and 700 through ground fault 702 when contact 10 is depressed. However, if armatures 32 and 34 in FIG. 8 are disconnected, current flows through resistor 8 but not through resistor 800, which is not a problem because the current flow through resistor 8 alone has already been determined to be non-hazardous.

Referring to FIG. 9, a protective device 910 which is an alternative embodiment to FIG. 8 is shown in which the trip mechanism comprises one or more bus bars. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,760, which is incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth in its entirety, for a more detailed explanation of the bus bar arrangement. Resistor 900 serves the same function as resistor 800 in FIG. 8 except that resistor 900 is coupled to moveable bus bar 902′.

For receptacle housings it is possible for the installer to mis-wire a GFCI such that the supply voltage is connected to load terminals 37 and 39, which would cause resistor 800 (FIG. 8) to melt solder when contact 10 is depressed, even when device 810 is in good working condition, i.e., operational. The problem is alleviated in the embodiment of FIG. 9 whereby resistor 900 melts solder only when bus bar 902′ remains connected when contact 10 is depressed, that is, when device 910 is non-operational. Mis-wiring thus does not cause a permanent lock-out of device 910.

Referring to FIG. 10, a protective device 1010 which is an alternate embodiment to FIG. 7 is shown, wherein contact 10 enables a current through resistor 8, as previously described, and a second current through a resistor 1000 in which the second current is preferably less than a tenth of the current through resistor 8. The second current depends on an interface circuit such as a transistor switch 1002. Transistor switch 1002 causes current to flow through a resistor 1004 of identical function to resistor 700 described in FIG. 7, i.e., resistor 1004 is normally in such a position as to leave spring 400 (FIG. 6) under tension, but when resistor 1004 heats up from the current through it sufficient to dislodge the solder affixing resistor 1004 to a fixed reference surface, the dislodgement of resistor 1004 releases spring 400.

FIG. 10 shows an alternative to FIG. 8 wherein a hazardous current does not occur when the hot and neutral supply conductors are inadvertently transposed as described in FIG. 8. In addition, FIG. 10 shows another remedy for the issue described in the FIG. 9 embodiment wherein resistor 1004 melts solder only if protective device 1010 is non-operational and not when protective device 1010 is mis-wired.

Referring to FIG. 11, a protective device such as GFCI 1110 according to an alternate embodiment is shown, wherein the so called mouse trap mechanism, i.e., the tripping mechanism of the GFCI of FIGS. 1-5, is replaced by a relay 1100 having normally open contacts 1102 that connect or disconnect line terminals 3 and 5 from load terminals 37 and 39 respectively, and a solenoid 1104, which is designed to carry current when contacts 1102 of GFCI 1110 are connected, a construction that is common to, but not limited to, portable GFCI devices. Solenoid 1104 is designed to conduct current for the unlimited duration that GFCI 1110 is in use, wherein solenoid 1104 is not susceptible to burn out caused by over-activation as previously described with respect to solenoid 24. A fusible element 1106 is in series with the solenoid and is designed to carry the continuous current through solenoid 1104 when transistor 22′ is closed. Contact 10 enables current through resistor 8 which produces a difference current as previously described, and a common mode current, which, if the device is non-operational, enables a lock-out feature. The common mode current, which is greater than the solenoid current, is conducted through fusible element 1106.

If GFCI 1110 is operational, the load side is disconnected from the line side, causing the device to trip and resistor 8 and common mode currents to stop flowing even if contact 10 continues to be manually depressed. Fusible resistor 1106 must survive several thousand cycles of common mode current exposures from alternately depressing contact 10 to trip GFCI 1110 and switch 1108 to electronically reset GFCI. The duration of each common mode current exposure is the expected time that GFCI 1110 requires for tripping after contact 10 has been depressed. If GFCI 1110 fails in some manner such that the trip time in response to depressing contact 10 is greater than the expected interval including the failure of GFCI 1110 to trip altogether, fusible element 1106 burns to an open circuit, permanently eliminating current through solenoid 1104 and rendering interrupting contacts 1102 in a permanently disconnected position. Fusible element 1106 can include a resistor. Referring to FIG. 12, elements of the circuit diagram of FIG. 11 are combined with elements of the circuit diagram of FIG. 8 in a protective device 1210, wherein components having like functions bear like numbers. The concept shown in FIG. 11 is thus combined with the embodiment of FIG. 8 to protect against the inadvertent transposing of the hot and neutral supply conductors to terminals 3 and 5 from the electrical distribution system. For protective devices not equipped with a resistor 8, the value of resistor 1000 can be chosen so that current passing there through is less than 0.5 mA, which limit has been identified to be the perception level for humans. Referring to FIG. 13, an alternate embodiment is shown in which the preceding concepts are applied to a general protective device 1310 representative of the class of general protective devices including AFCIs that require a contact 10 but that are not necessarily equipped with a GFCI or a sensor capable of sensing difference current. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 6,421,214, which is incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth in its entirety, for a more detailed explanation of protective device 1310. Components having like functions bear like numbers. Sensor 1300 is similar to sensor 12 but may be a current sensor or shunt for sensing load current through either conductor 6 or through conductor 4. A detector 1302 is similar to detector 14 (FIG. 1) but senses particular signatures in the load current as has been demonstrated in other patent applications as a method of identifying arc faults. A contact 1304 is similar to contact 10 (FIG. 1), which initiates a test of protective device 1310 when depressed. The test signal can be controlled by detector 1302 to test sensor 1300, detector 1302, switch 22, and trip mechanism 26. A resistor 1306 is similar to resistor 700 (FIG. 7) which is affixed to a fixed reference surface. If armatures 32 and 34 fail to operate due to a malfunction of protective device 1310, the longer duration of current through resistor 1306 causes sufficient self-heating of resistor 1306 to melt the solder affixing resistor 1306 to the fixed reference surface, wherein resistor 1306 is dislodged due to force exerted by lockout spring 400 (FIG. 4), wherein lockout spring 400 causes armatures 32 and 34 to be permanently disconnected.

All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. The term “connected” is to be construed as partly or wholly contained within, attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening.

The recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.

All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of the invention and does not impose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed.

No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. There is no intention to limit the invention to the specific form or forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 

1. A protective device comprising: a plurality of line terminals and a plurality of load terminals; a detection circuit coupled to the plurality of line terminals, the detection circuit being configured to generate a sensor signal in response to an electrical perturbation propagating on the plurality of line terminals and/or the plurality of load terminals; a fault detection circuit coupled to detection circuit, the fault detection circuit being configured to generate a fault detection signal when the electrical perturbation exceeds a predetermined level; an actuation assembly coupled to the fault detection circuit, the actuation assembly being configured to generate a trip actuation in response to the fault detection signal; a circuit interrupter assembly coupled to the fault detection circuit, the circuit interrupter assembly including a set of movable contacts configured to be driven into a tripped state in response to the trip actuation and driven into a reset state in response to a reset actuation; a reset mechanism coupled to the circuit interrupter assembly, the reset mechanism being configured to provide the reset actuation in response to a user reset input; and a test assembly coupled to the plurality of line terminals and the plurality of load terminals, the detection circuit, the actuation circuit and the reset mechanism, the test assembly including a test circuit configured to generate a simulated electrical perturbation exceeding the predetermined level in response to a user test input, the test assembly also including a test timing mechanism coupled to the reset mechanism, the test timing mechanism being configured to drive the circuit interrupter into the tripped state and disable the reset mechanism if any one of the detection circuit, fault detection circuit, actuation assembly, or circuit interrupter assembly fail before a predetermined time elapses such that the device is permanently inoperable.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuation assembly includes a solid state switch coupled to a solenoid, the solid state switch being configured to energize the solenoid in response to the fault detection signal.
 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the test timing mechanism is configured to drive the circuit interrupter into the tripped state and disable the reset mechanism in response to a solenoid failure.
 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the solenoid failure is an open-circuit failure.
 5. The device of claim 2, wherein the test timing mechanism is configured to drive the circuit interrupter into the tripped state and disable the reset mechanism in response to a failure of the solid state switch.
 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the test timing mechanism includes a resistor coupled to a linkage element and the circuit interrupter assembly including a latch assembly, the linkage element being coupled to the latch assembly, the resistor being configured to fail after the predetermined period of time elapses such that the linkage element drives the latch element into the tripped state and prevents the latch assembly from effecting the reset state.
 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the resistor is heated by an electrical current derived from the plurality of load terminals.
 8. The device of claim 6, wherein the resistor is heated by an electrical current derived from the plurality of line terminals.
 9. The device of claim 1, wherein a test current associated with the simulated electrical perturbation is less than a predetermined test threshold.
 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the predetermined test threshold is substantially equal to 8 mA.
 11. The device of claim 1, further comprising a switch arrangement coupled to the test assembly, the switch arrangement being configured to decouple the test timing mechanism from the plurality of line terminals or the plurality of load terminals when the circuit interrupter is in the tripped state.
 12. The device of claim 11, further comprising an indicator element configured to provide a signal in the tripped state when the test timing mechanism is decoupled from the plurality of line terminals or the plurality of load terminals.
 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the circuit interrupter assembly further comprises a latch assembly coupled between the reset assembly and the test assembly, the latch assembly being disabled by the test timing mechanism after the predetermined time elapses to prevent the reset state from being effected.
 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the latch assembly is driven into the tripped state by the test timing mechanism after the predetermined time elapses. 